With the adjustment of agricultural industry structure and the rapid growth of economy, the rapid development of double spore mushroom industry, the scale of production has been expanded, and the production mode of greenhouse has not adapted to the requirements of market development.
The paper is not in place, the production of quality, and other technologies, the use of modern technology, the use of modern technology to create a good environment, the use of modern technology to create a good environment, the use of modern technology to create a good environment, the use of modern technology to create a good environment, in accordance with the factory efficient management of scale production, scale production, scale production, quantitative analysis of the mushroom. Urgent need to solve the problems in the work and production practice. The author has many years in the research of edible fungi and crops diseases and insect pests, according to the production practice and the reference number of experts, to sum up the practical experience, the main diseases and insect pests in the factory of the double spore mushroom factory are summarized as follows.
1, the main disease occurred during the factory of the double spore mushroom
1.1, physiological diseases
1.1.1, hyphae
Symptoms of the disease: after sowing hair bacteria stage or the overlying soil after period of time, burden or overlying soil grow thick fluffy mycelium, serious form "bacteria", delayed the fruiting or fruiting rarely.
Cause analysis:
1) the high nitrogen content of the culture medium is too high; 2) the temperature of the material is too high; 3) the water is too fast, the environment humidity is too high; 4) the ventilation of the mushroom house is too high.
Control method:
1) to adjust the water not too light and not fine soil water in a hurry, spraying water to enhance ventilation; 2) once the hypha overgrowing to timely use a knife to cut bacteria are, pick out the pieces of bacteria, covered with fine soil, heavy water, increasing ventilation rate.
1.1.2, mine mushroom
The symptoms of the disease: the base material is formed in the base material of the base material, the fruiting body has no handle, the shape is spherical, the mushroom is covered with soil.
Cause analysis:
1) mainly because the material is too wet and mixed with soil, or the soil is covered with soil. The soil is too late, and the results are too soon. 2. If the soil is not, the temperature will fall below 18.
Prevention and control methods: to prevent the cultivation of material mixed with soil and water content is too high, the soil will be covered with soft soil, soil grain size should be appropriate, to adjust the water to be appropriate, timely ventilation, timely adjustment of the water, the material will be timely removal of the mine mushroom, and cover the soil.
1.1.3, hollow mushroom
Disease symptoms: Agaricus bisporus stipe pale and hollow.
Cause analysis: Wang period, the mushroom room air humidity is too low, the mushroom bed soil is too dry, mushroom body is not enough moisture, stipe center dehydration produced white heart, sometimes white heart off shrinkage and the formation of stipe hollow fruiting body, seriously affecting the quality of Agaricus bisporus.
Control methods: to strengthen the mushroom bed of water management, air relative humidity remained at around 90%.
1.1.4, scale mushroom
Disease symptoms: the scales appear fruitbody cap.
Cause analysis: the mushroom room air is too strong, dry humidity changes fast; and ventilation wind blowing straight fruiting bodies, the mushroom room air drying, easy to make mushroom cap dehydration and flake.
Control method:
1) in fruiting period, it is necessary to control the air humidity, and avoid the wind blowing straight fruiting bodies, so plant cultivation facilities not only to can regulate the ventilation, temperature and humidity of the facilities, and which is capable of circulating air humidity regulated; 2) in order to maintain the fruiting suitable growth conditions, obstacle free pileus occurred scales, indoor mushroom wind circulation also need to adjust the humidity advance.
1.2, common bacterial diseases
Bacterial spot disease (also known as brown spot disease) [3] is Agaricus bisporus common bacterial diseases. The symptoms of the disease: the disease mainly in pileus and initial cap surface appear several irregular needle size brown flecks, enlarged round or oval spots, multi linked synthetic high spot, color from light brown gradually become dark brown until dark brown, stipe occasionally occur longitudinal concave spots, gill rarely infection.
Pathogen: the pathogenic bacteria that cause the brown mushroom brown spot disease are the trust Pseudomonas (tolaasli).
Occurrence conditions and laws:
1) Pseudomonas tolaasii in nature distribution is very wide, the culture material, soil, air, under the conditions of high temperature and high humidity hours can be infected mushroom body, to produce lesions; 2) mushroom flies, nematodes and staff also can spread; 3) water in the mushroom cap surface condensation, but also prone to the disease.
Control method:
1) culture material to choose fresh and pollution-free high-quality raw materials; 2) factory cultivation facilities mushroom house fruiting after to strict disinfection; 3) the mushroom room temperature and humidity to scientific and reasonable regulation and control, temperature control in 16 DEG C, mushroom, the air relative humidity control in about 90%; 4) to prevent wet mushroom area water and soil surface; 5) disease, timely clear the infection of fruiting bodies, and centralized processing, also in about mushroom bed and surrounding environment spraying 100 ppm of streptomycin or 600 times bleaching powder and liquid.
1.3, common fungal diseases
1.3.1, wood mold
Symptoms of the disease: 1) after sowing. Yet germination strain block visible green colonies; 2) in dye early bacteria burden on visible fine white mycelium, gradually formed amorphous colony colony by the green into olive green, or even black, within a few days colonies throughout the whole burden, mycelia of Agaricus bisporus subsided, some sub entity has also been leaching harm.
Pathogen: viride Pers.ex Fr. (Trichoderma) and Ou-dem (T.kaningii), which are often used in the production of wood.
Occurrence conditions and rules: 1) of Trichoderma in nature widely distributed, air, soil, fertilizer and organic matter can occur; 2) pathogen inoculum source is mushroom house, carriage tool and waste; 3) at high temperature and high humidity and partial acid environment is more suitable for the growth and reproduction of Trichoderma; 4) if sowing strict disinfection, culture material incomplete fermentation, the contaminated bacteria, mining, fruiting stipe base wound and so on are susceptible to Trichoderma.
Prevention and control method: 1) the hands and utensils of the personnel should be thoroughly disinfected; 2) the use of high quality species, the best use of 7~10d, if the storage is generally not more than 1 months; 3) to check the growth of mushroom housing, once found wood mold, and the surrounding medium, and the day after cleaning, and then the end of 4.
1.3.2, white plaster mold
Symptoms of the disease: in the mushroom bed burden, the disease early white mycelium composition ranging from the size of the plaque, like coated with a layer of lime shape, the latter bacteria piece of pink, and gradually expanded, produce a lot of powdery spores, after infection of black culture, variable viscosity.
Pathogen: coprophilous broom mildew (Scupulariopsis fimicola cost et Matr.Vuill) occurrence conditions and rules: 1) pathogens through training material, soil, tools and operating personnel into the mushroom room, and produce a large number of spores, spread through the air; 2) when pH>8.2 culture material of the, the mushroom room hot, poorly ventilated, material wet, material ammonia and heavy taste, it is easy to onset.
Control methods: 1) matrix through the tunnel were secondary fermentation; 2) the mushroom room and cover soil material to strict disinfection; 3) to control the bacteria. Bacteria room temperature control in 20 ~ 22 DEG C, the relative humidity in the air in about 85%, mushroom mycelium grows rapidly, thus inhibiting the growth of white plaster mold; 4) have occurred with 500 times of Bavistin solution, 1: 7 acetic acid solution or SSP solution spray, to control its expansion.
1.3.3, the disease of the brown rot (also known as brown rot, wet bulb, white rot, etc.)
The symptoms of the disease: the disease is only infected with the fruiting body of the double spore mushroom, and the mycelium is not infected. Different developmental stages of sub entities are infected, and have different symptoms. No differentiation of the fruiting body be disseminated and fungus bud cannot form fruiting bodies, and the formation of a surname white flocculent Legionella, the bacteria group gradually turned brown, leaking and have bad smell of dark brown juice; infection in stipe and pileus after differentiation, stipe base with fluffy mycelium, site of infection into brown; in fruiting body development at the end of the infected, the fruiting bodies from an infected area will appears in the corner like light brown spots, malformed, stipe enlargement is bubbly, gradually becomes brown and exudation of brown juice.
Pathogen: perniciosa Magn (Mycogone).
The conditions and rules: 1) Mycogone is soilborne fungi, distributed throughout the soil, can produce conidia and chlamydospores, which chlamydospores can survive more than one year; 2) qinranyuan is incomplete sterilization mushroom room, bed, covering materials and the surrounding environment the Mycogone spore; 3) infection source is the mushroom bed disease mushroom, mushroom disease on Mycogone spores through the air, wind or water to spread around, when the temperature is high, the mushroom room humidity, excessive air circulation situation will spread quickly; 4) from the beginning of the mushroom about 10d infection about Mycogone to disease, the growth of the mushroom mycelium can stimulate Mycogone spore germination, with mushroom growing, harvesting, weakening the mycelial growth ability, provides the chance of infection to Mycogone bacteria, so after the general tide mushroom susceptible and heavier.
The onset of tunnel control methods: 1) the mushroom room to strict disinfection; 2) covering soil material selection of non pollution of the soil, the soil for from the surface of 25cm below the soil, and the disinfection treatment; 3) culture material fermentation time and temperature to master in place; 4) adjust the mushroom room temperature and humidity, strengthen scientific management; 5) the Mycogone mildew, to immediately stop water in site of onset is sprinkled with lime powder, and dig out the mushroom bed disease mushroom and the surrounding soil and culture material in parts of uniform spray carbendazim or benzimidazole pesticides, pay attention to ventilation; 6) factory mushroom plant to reduce disease incidence, general every round only 2 Tide mushroom.
1.3.4, round leaf mold (also known as dry bubble, brown spot disease, etc.)
Symptoms of the disease: cap size brown spots or ball, and on the surface of long gray mycophenolate layer, if the infection stipe, stipe bold brown, gradually narrowing the pileus, disease mushroom often chapped, pileus skew deformity, but mushroom body does not rot, not secretion of brown juice, no odor.
Pathogen: fungicola Preuss. (Verticillium).
Occurrence conditions and rules: 1) wheel branches of mildew infection source is mainly covered soil and the surrounding environment of Verticillium mold spores, spore mainly by splashing to spread around, also can through the mushroom flies, mites, covering the soil, air and other into the mushroom room; 2) the mushroom room in high temperature and humidity is more conducive to Verticillium mildew disease.
Control methods: mushroom house and covered soil materials and the surrounding environment of disinfection work to do, with particular attention to cover earth shoulds not be too wet, prevent the occurrence of mushroom flies, mites, bacteria and maggots and other control methods can be reference Mycogone mildew.
2, the main insect pest occurred during the factory of the double spore mushroom
2.1, nematode
Symptoms of the disease: 1) nematode leaching harm from to in the mushroom mycelium become sparse or disappear. Fruiting; 2) young mushroom suffer wither and die; sub entities subject to leaching harm, mushroom cap is brown, and the stench, conditions and rules: nematodes in 18 Deg. C) multiply rapidly, at 23 DEG only about 10 days is complete life history and nematodes prevalent in water, soil and compost.
Control methods: 1) sites with the mushroom water must be clean; 2) covering soil material to after sterilization and killing egg processing; 3) to cultivate material through the tunnel from secondary fermentation time enough to, is quickly heated to about 65 DEG C to maintain 8-10 hours, then gradually decreased to 50 to 55 DEG C 4-5 days; 4) the mushroom room end the mushroom thoroughly after cleaning and disinfection.
2.2, mushroom mosquitoes
Symptoms of the disease: bacteria period and fruiting period common to small black mosquito fly or Si interest in bacteria, decay of the objects, the mushroom room walls.
Occurrence conditions and rules: mainly adult with peiyangliao, overburden, import and fly into the mushroom room reproduction, adult drilling mushroom body harm pileus and stipe; larvae eating mycelium and fruiting body, resulting in the mushroom bed back fungus, mushroom body cavity, seriously affect the mushroom quality and yield.
Control methods: 1) do a good job in environmental health, timely clean-up mushroom house and the surrounding garbage; 2) in the windows and doors set insect proof net barrier, operating fewer lights use time, mosquito, mosquito repellent incense, drive to kill; 3) biological control by biological pesticide Bti.
2.3, mushroom flies [6]
Symptoms of the disease: in mushroom period and fruiting period saw Tan small fly or crawling quickly bacteria maggots, bite mycelium and fruiting body, the victims of mycelia atrophy, culture material decay, dipping pest of mushroom bed out mushroom, a mushroom, mushroom body small, victim serious mushroom body decayed into porous holes, lost commodity value. Occurrence conditions and rules: Mushroom flies is Agaricus bisporus mycelium and fruiting body scent to attract and immersed in mushroom house, spawning, at a temperature of 25 DEG C to mushroom flies generation alternate time shortest, breeding the fastest, mycelia and fruit body of feeding, tearing the fruit body tissue, food juice, or drilled channels.
Control methods: 1) strain temperature by the optimal 24 DEG C, the temperature of material is reduced to 21 DEG C; 2) the mushroom room air inlet installation air filtering device, reduce ventilation pests or miscellaneous bacteria spore immersion, air vents installed insect nets; 3) in the indoor spraying of pyrethroids etc. no residual pesticides.
2.4, mites
Symptoms of the disease: easily visible to the naked eye, most perches on a burden or soil particles, pale brown, gathered into a mass, crawl very quickly, in the mushroom body cluster was powdered, serious damage caused by mushroom deformity or decay.
Occurrence conditions and rules: Mushroom mite, like the warm and wet environment, mainly exists in the storehouse of rice and wheat straw, with the peiyangliao into the mushroom room, or with the help of airflow, insects, tools, covering soil spread, the most important is drilled in cultivated species, damage hyphae, eat up the mycelium, the sparse mycelia dim, retreat were scrapped, or snap fungus bud moth.
Control methods: 1) do a good job in environmental health, prevention and treatment of mushroom flies, mosquitoes and other media; 2) the choice of excellent cultivars, culture material for exposure and processing; trapping method is mainly adopted 3) occurs, such as sugar 5, five copies of vinegar, water 90 copies made of sweet and sour liquid, the gauze immersed in liquid after the removal of the screw stem, laying on the bed, plus fried wheat bran or roast meat bones trapping.
Reference
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